| Details | Shock is a life-threatening condition in which the body’s tissues do not receive enough oxygen and blood flow. Types of Shock Hypovolemic shock – caused by severe loss of blood or body fluids, e.g. haemorrhage, severe diarrhoea or burns. Cardiogenic shock – caused by failure of the heart to pump effectively, e.g. severe myocardial infarction. Distributive shock – caused by abnormal widening of blood vessels. Includes: Septic shock – severe infection Anaphylactic shock – severe allergic reaction Neurogenic shock – spinal cord injury Obstructive shock – caused by blockage of blood flow, e.g. pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade. Common Signs and Symptoms Low blood pressure Rapid, weak pulse (may be slow in neurogenic shock) Cold, pale, sweaty skin (often warm initially in septic shock) Rapid breathing Restlessness, confusion or reduced consciousness Reduced urine output Weakness and dizziness Management Recognize shock early and call for help. ABC approach: Maintain Airway, support Breathing, and assess Circulation. Give oxygen if indicated. Establish IV access and monitor vital signs. Give appropriate IV fluids, especially for hypovolaemic or septic shock, while avoiding fluid overload where appropriate. Control bleeding immediately. Treat the underlying cause: e.g. antibiotics for sepsis, adrenaline for anaphylaxis, or urgent treatment of cardiac/obstructive causes. Monitor urine output, mental status, oxygenation and response to treatment. Refer or escalate urgently if advanced care is needed |
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